Developing heat rate and heat capacity measurement instruments of textile waste solution in the textile dyeing process

ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
Water hardness is the content of certain minerals in the water, generally calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) ions in the form of carbonate salts.Hard water has a high mineral content, while soft water is water with low mineral content.Apart from calcium and magnesium ions, the cause of hardness can also be other metal ions and bicarbonate and sulfate salts.The textile industry's main problem today is the problem of waste that is often found in the process of dying or coloring (Desianne et al., 2017;Giwaa et al., 2012;Hashim et al, 2017;Said, 2002).Textile waste is generally liquid, so there are several methods to eliminate the spectrum of pollutants and wastewater, such as the plasma injection method, the electro coagulant (EC) method, and the dielectric discharged method (Amril, 2020;Hashim et al., 2017;Putra et al., 2020;Rusydi et al., 2017;Wakida, et al., 1993).These methods generally use heat from a current movement, which flows in wastewater to break down molecules in the waste.The heat properties of a liquid generally depend on the heat rate and the liquid type's heat capacity.According to some researchers (Fadli et al., 2018;Hashim et al., 2017;Giwaa, et al., 2012;Mouedhen et al., 2008;Yilmaz et al., 2008), the electrocoagulation method (EC) is one of the in-situ methods that directly enter electric current through metal electrodes, and this method has been applied now for eliminating the spectrum of liquid pollutants and wastewater, especially in the textile field.In the textile dyeing and coloring industry, electric energy, hard water, and chemical solutions create some problems in the environment.Furthermore, these issues cause an increase in manufacturing costs (Sathian, et al., 2014).Some researchers (Ridantami et al., 2016;Mouedhen et al., 2008;Hashim et al., 2017;Giwaa et al., 2012) said that although the application of the electrocoagulation method (EC) has been widely used, the efficiency of this method is greatly influenced by the main parameters, such as electrolysis time, voltage and current from the source, and temperature of the waste solution.Therefore, current investigations have been carried out to explore the effect of electrode spacing on the EC method's performance in terms of internal temperature to be able to remove iron from liquids.According to some researchers (Hashim et al., 2017;Simoes-Moreira, 2010;Biesheuvel, 2009;Cengel & Boles, 2002;Quick et al., 2019;Pogatscher et al., 2016;Cengel & Boles, 2010;Zhuravlev, 2010;Thomas, 2018;Schick, 2016;Pogatscher, 2014), the need for a real-time heat rate and heat capacity test solution is to obtain a study thermodynamics properties.Some researchers (Abdelhady, 2009;Cengel & Boles, 2002;Picker et al., 1971) also said that it is necessary to develop a device to measure the properties of the heat rate and heat specific simultaneously in the research of thermodynamics in advance.Several researchers have widely used physics in the textile field (Putra et al., 2020;Ulesova, et al., 2008), who studied the application of physics in textile dyeing, especially in continuous dyeing of wool fabric containing polyamide fiber and modified by plasma glow discharge.Some researchers (Wakida et al., 1998;Wakida et al., 1993;Putra et al., 2019;Putra & Wijayono, 2019;Putra et al., 2020) have implemented the application of physics in the textile industry, especially in the dyeing process in the textile industry.Putra and Wijayono (2019) apply physics to the modification of mechanical properties using corona discharge plasma technology especially wetting properties that previously used chemical fluids and are not environmentally friendly (because it can cause much liquid waste to modify the wetting properties of the textile material).The application of other physical sciences has been carried out by several researchers (Putra et al., 2019;Ditmars, 1988;Sreejith et al., 2015) who have begun to design heat capacitance test equipment in a solution, but the heat capacitance research does not focus on examining heat rate and heat capacity in some textile wastewater.Some researchers (Badamasi, 2014;Bramawanto et al., 2019;Putra & Purnomosari, 2015;Raine et al., 1945;Teruel et al., 2019;Hoffmann et al., 2010;Dean & Rane, 2013;Kodalkar et al., 2019;Biesheuvel, 2009;Boltshauser et al., 1993;Dean et al., 1987) using a microcontroller as a tool in measuring physical quantities.The rate of movement of charge and friction between charges will cause heat in the solution.Some researchers like (Putra et al., 2019;Sreejith et al., 2015;Salvo et al., 2010) stated that research on heat generated by electrical currents and their thermodynamic properties is an exciting research study to be researched, especially with a microcontroller device.The application of current physical technology in the textile industry is generally related to textile waste.In the textile industry, in general, the waste treatment process uses the electro coagulant method by giving a potential difference to the two active and passive electrodes in liquid textile waste (both dyeing and coloring) so that the liquid waste can decompose and change color (becoming more transparent).Some researchers (Putra et al., 2019;Badamasi, 2014;Sreejith et al., 2015) have succeeded in designing a device to determine the heat capacitance, but the research has not studied textile waste solution, especially in the textile dyeing process.In this research, the measurement of the heat rate and the heat capacitance of textile waste solution in the textile dyeing process will be examined using an Arduino microcontroller device with a solution mass, temperature rise time interval, and electrode current rate, and specific specified wire resistance.In determining the heat rate and heat capacitance, knowledge of electricity and thermodynamics is needed better.According to (Halliday et al., 1997;Putra, 2017), in electricity, an electric current is defined as the amount of charge flowing through a cross-section every second.
The electric field strength (E) that appears in the conductor is proportional to the potential difference ∆V and inversely proportional to the wire's length ().The greater the potential difference ∆V and the cross-sectional area of the conductor (A), the more charge moves (Greiner, et al., 1995).When a metal is electrified, collisions occur due to charge carriers in the metal and electrons.It will generate heat, and the atoms in the metal will move stronger (vibrations of atoms in the metal).It can be understood that the moving  charge will get additional energy of =  V. Joule's Law states the loss of power (dissipation power) in a conductor with resistance R and current flow i.This heat is called Joule heat, where 1 calorie = 4.2 Joules.Heat is a form of energy where the unit is the joule.The amount of heat required for an object to increase its temperature is very dependent on the heat capacity, C, of the material of the object.Specific heat is one of the thermometric properties of objects.For a temperature interval that is not too high, usually, c can be considered constant.If an object has mass m, the specific heat of material   and the initial temperature is T1, increasing the temperature to T2.
∆T is the change of temperature of a substance that receives the heat of Q.According to some researchers (Picker et al, 1971;Halliday et al., 1997;Greiner et al., 1995;Putra, 2017), the specific heat of a material can be explained as the amount of heat required by the material to raise the temperature of a mass of one gram by one o C. Putra, et al. (2019) andSreejith, et al. (2015) explained that the heat capacity is a quantity that expresses the amount of heat needed by an object to raise the temperature of an object.The value of specific heat is also used to determine the effect of temperature changes on making coconut shell charcoal (Tirono & Sabit, 2012).Ackermann (1957) has determined the specific heating value to obtain a considerable value of the number of H + ions and OH -electrolyte solutions.There are several previous studies regarding the measurement of the heat capacity value of a solution.Picker, et al. (1971) have designed a prototype device to measure the heat capacity using a micro calorimetric system.Grolier et al. (1975) have also developed a device that can measure the specific heating value for an organic solution.Some researchers (Halliday, et al.,1997) and (Putra, 2017) said that the resistance (R) that is powered by an electric current (I) would cause a voltage difference ∆V between the ends means the electrical power.
Some researchers (Rahardjo et al., 2018;Hariyanto et al., 2020;Yumang, et al., 2016;Rerkratn & Kaewpoonsuk, 2015;Anwar et al., 2017;Suherman et al., 2015) have used a microcontroller and developed a temperature measuring device in real-time, but the application of a temperature sensor to measure specific heat and heat rate is still rare.This study appears to determine the value of heat rate and the heat capacity of the textile industry's waste solution, especially in the dyeing waste, by using an Arduino Uno Microcontroller device.Temperature measurements were carried out using a digital temperature sensor type DS18B20.This research aims to obtain the heat rate and heat capacity of various textile wastes and their measurement methods using the microcontroller and determine the measurement of heat capacity and heat rate.The novelty and significance of this research are that a real-time measuring device for heat rate and heat capacity using a microcontroller can be used by academics and researchers to research environmental science and material physics studies in textile waste solutions.

METHOD
The method for measuring the specific heat capacity and the heat rate of the textile waste solution was based on the principle of the first law of Thermodynamics and refer to the research that has been done by Putra et.al. (2019) to validate the tool as well as the solution used to check the accuracy of the instrument was used pure water which had known the specific value of heat.Based on the first law of thermodynamics, it is said that "If heat is converted into another form of energy or if another form of energy is converted to calories, then the previous energy is always constant and the formula can be seen as written in Equation (1) to Equation (4) (Halliday et al., 1997;Putra et al., 2019)  =  (1)  2  = .  .∆ (2) ∆ =  ℎ . (4) The heat rate, ℎ , can be formulated as Equation ( 4), and specific heat,   , can be formulated using Equation (5) to Equation (7) as written below: ∆ =  ℎ . =   .
(5)  2   =   (6) We used synthetic dyes, which were artificial dyes from Dyeing Laboratory, Politeknik STTT Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.In these research methods, it is explained the tools and materials and the procedures used in this study.The tools and materials used in this study can be written, as shown below:

Procedures:
1.The value of mineral water heat capacity is determined with a calorimeter for instrument calibration; 2. The calorimeter is filled with water, about half of it; 3. The weight of the calorimeter that has been filled with mineral water is measured; 4. The calorimeter circuit is arranged and tested as shown in Figure 1; 5.The temperature changes are observed with a computer screen (taken by a sensor inside the calorimeter) for 30 minutes with an interval of 2 seconds, and the data can be carried out from the computer.Data retrieved starts when the system temperature has stabilized; 6.Multiple measurements can be retrieved by doing the same steps for the waste solution as steps 1-5; 7. The method for measuring the specific heat capacity and the textile waste solution's heat rate is based on the principle of the first law of Thermodynamics, and the data is processed by the microcontroller, as shown in Figure 2.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This study aims to determine the value of the heat rate and the heat capacity of the waste solution of the dyeing waste by using a microcontroller device with the scheme as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. Temperature measurements were carried out using a digital temperature sensor type DS18B20, and the heat rate and heat specific have been measured as determined by the experiment's result below:

Green Waste (From Dyeing Laboratory Politeknik STTT Bandung, Indonesia)
The experimental data changes in the temperature of the green dyeing waste solution can be looked at in the heat rate graph, which can be shown in Figure 3.The results of heat capacity and heat rate measurements can be determined as follows for the mass of the solution of Mg = 209 grams, then the heat rate of v is obtained from Figure 3  Heat rate value and heat capacity are obtained from the slope of the graph of the relationship between temperature changes with time, so it is obtained in Equation ( 8) and Equation ( 9))

Orange Waste (From Dyeing Laboratory)
The experimental data changes in the temperature of the green dyeing waste solution can be looked at in the heat rate graph, which can be shown in Figure 4.The results of the measurements of heat capacity and heat rate can be determined as follows for the mass of the solution of Mg = 209 grams, then the heat rate of v is obtained from Figure 4 as written below (the formula can be seen as written in Equation (10) to Equation ( 13)).
=  = 0,0348 °/  = 2,4   = 7,17 Ω   = 209  Heat rate value and heat capacity are obtained from the slope of the graph of the relationship between temperature changes with time, so it is obtained in Equation ( 10) to Equation ( 13).

Blue Waste (From Dyeing Laboratory)
The experimental data changes in the temperature of the green dyeing waste solution can be looked at in the heat rate graph, which can be shown in Figure 5.The results of measurements heat rate can be determined as follows for the mass of the solution of Mg = 209 grams, then the heat rate of v is obtained from Figure 5, and the formula can be seen as written in Equation ( 14) to Equation (15).Heat capacity is obtained from the slope of the graph of the relationship between temperature changes with time, so it is obtained, and the formula can be seen as written in Equation ( 16) and Equation ( 17)

Brown Waste (From Dyeing Laboratory)
The experimental data changes in the green dyeing waste solution's temperature can be looked at in the heat rate graph, which can be shown in Figure 6.Heat rate value and heat capacity are obtained from the slope of the graph of the relationship between temperature changes with time, so it is obtained in Equation ( 18 The results of experimental data changes in the temperature of the green dyeing waste solution can be looked at in the heat rate graph, which can be shown in Figure 7, and the formula can be seen as written in Equation ( 23) to Equation (26) The results of heat capacity and heat rate measurements can be determined as follows for the mass of the solution of Mg = 209 grams, then the heat rate of v is obtained from Figure 6 as written.Table 1 shows the heat capacity of various types of waste solutions in textiles, especially dyeing waste.According to (Hashim et al., 2017) the need for a real-time heat rate and heat specific measurement of the solution is to obtain a study of textile waste treatment methods so that the investigation regarding the EC method can be optimized.Based on the results of the study, it is found that water has a heat specific values as determined (

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The method for measuring the specific heat capacity and the heat rate of the textile waste solution.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The relationship between time (seconds) to changes in temperature (° C) in a waste solution.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.The relationship between time (seconds) to changes in temperature (° C) in a waste solution.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.The relationship between time (seconds) to changes in temperature (°C) in a waste solution.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.The relationship between time (seconds) to changes in temperature (° C) in a waste solution.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7.The relationship between time (seconds) to changes in temperature (° C) in a waste solution.

Table 1 .
the specific heat of waste solution taken from dyeing laboratory.